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The Four Phases of the Menstrual Cycle You Need to Know About
by Ella Thompson
Updated: Sep. 10, 2021
Originally Published: June 9, 2021
For many women, periods are a natural part of life from puberty to menopause, yet there’s often a surprising lack of understanding about the intricate processes our bodies undergo each month. This gap in knowledge frequently stems from insufficient education regarding reproductive health in our formative years. However, regardless of age, it’s never too late to delve into the phases of the menstrual cycle and the ovulation process. Whether your goal is to conceive or simply monitor your menstrual health, grasping the dynamics of your cycle is essential.
Thanks to digital resources, various period trackers are available to help you stay informed about ovulation, plan activities around your menstrual cycle, or maintain awareness of your overall reproductive health. While many people may not think about their periods unless trying to conceive or facing menstrual challenges, understanding your menstrual cycles can be an empowering experience.
Our bodies are remarkable and sometimes a bit peculiar. The more you learn about your unique cycle, the better you can advocate for your well-being. No matter where you are in life—whether you’re attempting to conceive, preparing your child for her first period, or navigating early menopause—comprehending what happens before, during, and after your period is invaluable.
Ready to learn about the four phases of the menstrual cycle? Let’s explore this natural yet often mysterious process.
Menstrual Cycle Phases
1. The Follicular Phase
As your period starts, the follicular phase of your menstrual cycle begins. During this time, the pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), signaling your ovaries to prepare eggs for the upcoming month. Each month, your ovaries generate between 5 to 20 small sacs called follicles, which house the developing eggs. These follicles, in turn, release estrogen, prompting the endometrium to thicken in anticipation of a fertilized egg. This phase typically lasts around 16 days, though the duration can vary among individuals.
2. The Ovulation Phase
For those looking to conceive, the ovulation phase is often viewed as the most significant. This is when an egg is released from the ovary. Before the release, your body produces luteinizing hormone (LH), which signals the ovaries to release the mature egg. Each month, the egg travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus, where it awaits potential fertilization. In a standard 28-day cycle, ovulation generally occurs around day 14; if the egg isn’t fertilized, it will dissolve within about two days. During this time, you might notice an increase in clear vaginal discharge and a slight rise in basal body temperature.
3. The Luteal Phase
The follicle that contained the egg doesn’t simply vanish after ovulation; it transforms into a structure called the corpus luteum, which releases hormones like progesterone and estrogen. These hormones maintain the thickness of the uterine lining in case of pregnancy. If fertilization doesn’t occur, the corpus luteum will shrink and be absorbed by the body. This phase leads to a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels, triggering the start of your period and the shedding of the uterine lining. This stage is associated with PMS symptoms, such as headaches, bloating, cramping, sleep disturbances, breast tenderness, and mood changes.
4. The Menstruation Phase
Finally, we arrive at the menstruation phase, which you are likely most acquainted with. During this phase, the body sheds the uterine lining, including blood and other fluids. For most individuals, this phase lasts between 3 to 7 days, though the duration varies from person to person and comes with a variety of discomforts, including cramping, back pain, and irritability. Interestingly, on the very first day of your period, your body begins the cycle anew with the follicular phase. While ovulation and menstruation may take the spotlight, every step of the menstrual cycle is unique and fascinating. Understanding these processes can empower you to take charge of your reproductive health.
What Causes Changes in Your Menstrual Cycle?
Menstrual cycles can be sensitive to various factors, leading to changes in their timing. Here are a few common reasons for shifts in your cycle:
- Birth Control: Many women use birth control to achieve shorter, lighter periods; however, some methods may prevent monthly periods altogether.
- Eating Disorders: Individuals struggling with anorexia or bulimia may experience irregular or halted periods due to significant weight loss.
- Stress: When stressed, the body releases cortisol, which can disrupt your menstrual cycle and lead to irregularities.
- Breastfeeding: After childbirth, periods may be irregular, and breastfeeding can result in lighter periods or a complete cessation due to the hormone prolactin, which supports milk production but affects menstruation. Your cycle is expected to return to normal once breastfeeding concludes.
Why Is My Cycle Lengthening?
Everyone’s cycle is unique, but if yours is longer than the typical 28 days, it’s often due to irregular ovulation. Progesterone is responsible for the bleeding during your period; if follicles fail to ovulate, progesterone won’t be released, causing the uterine lining to thicken further and prolonging the cycle.
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Summary
Understanding the menstrual cycle’s four phases—follicular, ovulation, luteal, and menstruation—can empower women with knowledge about their reproductive health. Each phase plays a distinct role, and recognizing changes in your cycle can inform your overall well-being. Factors such as birth control, stress, and breastfeeding can impact cycle timing and length. For further resources and information on home insemination, visit Make a Mom.