Why Some Individuals Who Chose the Johnson & Johnson Vaccine Are Seeking Boosters

As the Delta variant of COVID-19 spreads more widely across the United States, many people are looking at the vaccination strategies used in other countries, particularly in the UK. There, a controversial approach has been employed: administering one shot of either Pfizer or AstraZeneca, waiting 12 weeks instead of the standard three, and then giving a second shot. However, research has demonstrated that a single shot of these vaccines is not as effective against the Delta variant as receiving both doses.

Moreover, data indicates that AstraZeneca is less effective against the Delta variant compared to the Pfizer vaccine, causing concern among those who received similar vaccines—especially individuals who opted for the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.

To be frank, the Johnson & Johnson vaccine was never the frontrunner in terms of efficacy against infections. According to the CDC, it boasts an efficacy rate of 66.3% in preventing COVID-19 infections, while clinical trials showed that no one vaccinated with it was hospitalized four weeks post-inoculation. In contrast, the efficacy rates for preventing infections are 95% for Pfizer and 94.1% for Moderna—a significant disparity.

The Johnson & Johnson vaccine also faced scrutiny due to blood clot concerns. It was temporarily paused due to a “rare risk of blood clots with low platelets” in women under fifty. However, as of April, the FDA has re-authorized its use. On the other hand, Moderna and Pfizer vaccines have been linked to myocarditis and pericarditis in younger individuals, though such side effects are extremely rare. Overall, the benefits of vaccination—namely, reducing the risk of COVID-19—outweigh the rare risks associated with the vaccines.

Despite its challenges, the Johnson & Johnson vaccine remains a valuable option for developing nations, requiring only a single dose—an important feature for rural areas where access to vaccinations is limited. It also has a longer shelf life in refrigeration compared to its counterparts, facilitating easier transport to remote locations. While preventing COVID-19 infections is important, the priority remains on preventing severe cases and deaths.

However, with the Delta variant now prevalent, concerns about the Johnson & Johnson vaccine’s one-and-done strategy have emerged.

How Does the Johnson & Johnson Vaccine Differ?

The Johnson & Johnson vaccine, along with AstraZeneca, is classified as a “viral vector” vaccine by the CDC. This type of vaccine uses a harmless virus, specifically an adenovirus, to deliver a piece of the COVID-19 virus to cells, prompting them to produce the spike protein that the immune system learns to combat. In contrast, the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are mRNA vaccines, which utilize messenger RNA to instruct cells to create the spike protein. These represent two distinct approaches, with mRNA vaccines being the newer and likely more effective method.

A single dose of a viral vector vaccine, as seen in the UK, has proven less effective against the Delta variant. Angela Collins, a virologist at the University of Saskatchewan, opted for a Pfizer booster after her Johnson & Johnson vaccine due to the spread of the Delta variant. She explained that two doses of an adenovirus vector vaccine combined with an mRNA booster yield similar protection to two mRNA doses. Canada has already begun recommending mRNA boosters for individuals who received the AstraZeneca vaccine.

Why Are We Concerned About Delta?

The CDC classified the Delta variant as a “variant of concern” on June 15th, as it is more transmissible and associated with increased hospitalizations and fatalities. The Delta variant, first identified in India, now constitutes approximately one in four COVID-19 cases in the U.S. It is particularly concerning because studies from the UK indicate it is 2.5 times more likely to infect children and older adults. There is currently no vaccine for children, who seem to be more susceptible to the Delta variant, and it does not respond as well to traditional COVID-19 treatments.

What Should We Do?

Canada is already advising those who received AstraZeneca to consider an mRNA booster. Following their Johnson & Johnson vaccination, numerous healthcare professionals are opting for boosters themselves. Dr. Jason Lee, a clinical professor at Temple University School of Pharmacy, recently participated in a clinical trial for a booster vaccine. He and other experts advise individuals to consult their healthcare providers, especially since the CDC has yet to publish guidelines on mixing different vaccine types.

Epidemiologists are urging the CDC to take action, emphasizing that this would also utilize mRNA doses that are nearing expiration. Meanwhile, Johnson & Johnson has released preliminary findings suggesting that its vaccine is effective against the Delta variant, although this study is small and has been accepted for publication. Therefore, recipients of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine can feel reassured but should hold off on seeking a booster until further data is available.

It’s crucial for everyone to stay vaccinated, especially with the potential for mutations and an anticipated surge in cases during the winter months.

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Summary

With the Delta variant’s rise, individuals who received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine may consider seeking an mRNA booster for enhanced protection. Although the CDC has yet to provide specific guidelines on this matter, healthcare professionals are beginning to take proactive measures. As new data emerges, it’s essential for everyone to stay informed and consult their doctors regarding vaccination options.