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As the weather warms up and the days grow longer, you might expect to feel cheerful and energized. From beach outings to late-night gatherings and fun at the pool, summer is generally associated with joy. But what if instead of feeling elated, you find yourself feeling down? What if the sunny days feel more like a burden than a blessing?
Your mood fluctuations could be a psychological reaction to the changes in season: you could be experiencing a condition known as Seasonal Affective Disorder, or SAD.
“Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that’s related to changes in seasons,” a Mayo Clinic article clarifies. “SAD typically occurs at the same time each year… While most people experience symptoms in late fall or winter, some may find their symptoms begin in spring or summer.”
Here’s what you should know about SAD, particularly summer depression.
What is Seasonal Depression?
Seasonal depression, or seasonal affective disorder, is a condition that arises with seasonal transitions. It affects roughly 4% to 6% of the U.S. population and is most prevalent when the days become shorter and temperatures drop. However, around 10% of individuals experience symptoms during the summer months.
Why Do Seasonal Changes Trigger Depression?
The exact cause of SAD remains uncertain, but it is believed that various factors contribute to this condition, such as fluctuations in melatonin and serotonin levels or changes to your body’s circadian rhythm. “The reduced sunlight in fall and winter may lead to winter-onset SAD,” notes the Mayo Clinic. Conversely, summer-onset SAD is likely triggered by extended daylight and increased heat and humidity. It’s important to recognize that these are hypothetical causes, and a single factor has not been pinpointed.
Symptoms of Seasonal Depression
The symptoms of SAD closely resemble those of major depressive disorder and may include:
- Daily or near-daily feelings of depression
- Diminished interest in previously enjoyable activities
- Low energy or altered sleep patterns
- Changes in weight or eating habits
- Difficulty concentrating
- Feelings of hopelessness or guilt
- Thoughts of self-harm or suicide
- Emotional numbness
Who is Affected by Seasonal Depression?
While seasonal depression impacts many, certain groups are more susceptible, including:
- Women: Females are more frequently affected by seasonal-pattern major depressive disorder, although men may experience more intense symptoms.
- Genetic predisposition: Individuals with a family history of depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, or other mood disorders have a higher risk.
- Geographical location: Research suggests that those living closer to the equator may experience more summer-induced depression compared to those in cooler climates.
- Bipolar disorder: Individuals with bipolar disorder may also experience seasonal mood shifts.
Diagnosing SAD
Diagnosing seasonal affective disorder can be challenging due to its overlap with major depressive disorder symptoms. Healthcare providers may use various diagnostic tools, including physical exams and psychological assessments, to evaluate your condition. Understanding the timing of your depressive symptoms is crucial.
“The main characteristic of SAD is that your mood and behavior fluctuate with the seasons,” explains a WebMD article. “You might have SAD if, for the past two years, you’ve experienced depression or mania that starts and ends during a specific season… [and] didn’t experience these symptoms during other times of the year.”
Treatment Options for Seasonal Depression
“Treatment varies depending on the severity of your symptoms,” notes WebMD. The treatment approach may also depend on whether you have other forms of depression or bipolar disorder. Traditional antidepressants are commonly prescribed for SAD, with Bupropion XL being the only FDA-approved medication specifically for preventing major depressive episodes in those with SAD. Light therapy is also a standard treatment, although its effectiveness during summer months is less certain.
While seasonal depression can feel overwhelming, remember that this period—like many depressive episodes—will eventually pass. You don’t have to navigate it alone; support and resources are available.
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Summary
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) affects many individuals, not just during winter months, but also in summer. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment options is crucial for those experiencing this condition. While it can feel daunting, support systems and effective treatments are available, allowing individuals to manage their symptoms and find relief.
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