The vaccines are finally here! Amidst the challenges of the past year-long pandemic, the arrival of vaccines has become a beacon of hope. As of now, two vaccines—those developed by Pfizer and Moderna—have received emergency authorization from the FDA, with more on the way. Witnessing the triumph of science as brilliant minds unite to tackle this crisis is truly awe-inspiring.
With the rollout of these vaccines, it’s essential to grasp the differences and similarities among them.
What Vaccines Are Authorized and What’s on the Horizon?
Over 64 vaccines are currently being tested or seeking approval. In the U.S., only the vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer have received emergency clearance, with healthcare professionals already starting their vaccinations. The CDC reports that three additional candidates—AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax—are in various stages of large-scale clinical trials.
Additionally, several vaccines have been approved for use internationally, including Russia’s Sputnik V, China’s Sinopharm and Sinovac, and Bharat Biotech’s vaccine from India.
How Do the Leading Vaccines Function?
Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines utilize messenger RNA (mRNA) technology, which is different from traditional vaccines that often contain weakened or inactive viruses. These mRNA vaccines instruct our cells to produce a piece of the virus’s protein, prompting an immune response that develops antibodies to fend off real infections. Importantly, there is no live virus involved, and the mRNA is quickly degraded after its job is done.
On the other hand, the Oxford-AstraZeneca and Janssen vaccines utilize an adenovirus platform, employing a harmless cold virus to help train the immune system against COVID-19. The Novavax vaccine is protein-based, targeting the spike protein of the virus and is currently undergoing safety and efficacy tests.
Meanwhile, Sinopharm, Sinovac, and Bharat Biotech use inactivated coronavirus to stimulate immune responses, following a long-established vaccine development method. Sputnik V also uses an adenovirus but stands out with its two-vector delivery system.
What Should You Know About Vaccine Efficacy?
The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines have demonstrated efficacy rates of 95% and 94.5%, respectively, while AstraZeneca’s candidate shows a 70% efficacy in clinical trials. Sinovac and Sinopharm report efficacy rates of 91.25% and 79.34%, although full results for Sinovac will be released soon. Sputnik V claims a 91.4% efficacy rate.
Where and How Are the Vaccines Accessible?
Pfizer’s vaccine is authorized in multiple countries, including the U.S. and Canada, with an expected production of 1.3 billion doses in 2021. It requires two doses administered three weeks apart and must be stored at extremely low temperatures.
Similarly, Moderna’s vaccine is approved in Canada, Israel, and the U.S., administered in two doses four weeks apart, and can be stored in regular refrigerators for up to 30 days.
AstraZeneca has received approval in the U.K., India, and Argentina and is also a two-dose vaccine that can be stored under normal refrigeration. They anticipate producing two billion doses this year.
Janssen and Novavax are still in clinical trials and have not been approved yet, but Janssen is notable for being a single-dose vaccine. Results from its clinical trials are expected soon.
While it can be easy to feel overwhelmed by the details surrounding each vaccine—from their delivery methods to efficacy—it’s crucial to remember that vaccines are no longer a distant promise; they are here thanks to scientific advancements and global collaboration.
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In summary, the current landscape of COVID-19 vaccines is rapidly evolving, with various options available, each with distinct mechanisms and efficacy rates. It’s vital to stay informed through reliable sources as new data emerges.